EEE Sem-6

EE3601 - PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR

UNIT I - PROTECTION SCHEMES

Significance and need for protective schemes – nature and causes of faults – types of faults Effects of faults - Zones of protection and essential qualities of protection – Types of Protectionn schemes - Power system Grounding and Methods of Grounding

UNIT II - BASICS OF RELAYS

Operating principles of relays –Universal torque equation - R-X diagram –Electromagnetic Relays – Over current, Directional and non-directional, Distance, Differential, Negative sequence and Under frequency relays

UNIT III - OVERVIEW OF EQUIPMENT PROTECTION

Current transformers and Potential transformers and their applications in protection schemes - Protection of transformer, generator, motor, bus bars and transmission line

UNIT IV - STATIC RELAYS AND NUMERICAL PROTECTION

Static relays – Phase, Amplitude Comparators – Synthesis of various relays using Static comparators – Block diagram of Numerical relays – Over current protection, transformer differential protection, and distantce protection of transmission lines

UNIT V - CIRCUIT BREAKERS

Physics of arcing phenomenon and arc interruption – DC and AC circuit breaking – re-striking voltage and recovery voltage - rate of rise of recovery voltage - current chopping - interruption of capacitive current - resistance switching - Types of circuit breakers – air blast, oil, SF6 and vacuum circuit breakers – comparison of different circuit breakers – HVDC Breaker

EE3602 - POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL

UNIT I - INTRODUCTION

Power scenario in Indian grid – National and Regional load dispatching centres – Requirements of good power system – Necessity of voltage and frequency regulation – real power vs frequency and reactive power vs voltage control loops - System load variation, load curves – Load forecasting – Computational methods in load forecasting – Load shedding and Islanding – deregulation - Basics of electrical energy tariff

UNIT II - REAL POWER FREQUENCY CONTROL

Basics of speed governing mechanisms and modelling – Speed regulation of two generators in parallel Load Frequency Control (LFC) of single area system – Static and dynamic analysis – LFC of two area system –Tie line modelling – Block diagram representation of two area system – Static and dynamic analysis – Tie line with frequency bias control – State variable model – Integration of economic dispatch control with LFC

UNIT III - REACTIVE POWER – VOLTAGE CONTROL

Generation and absorption of reactive power – Basics of reactive power control – Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) – Brushless AC excitation system – Block diagram representation of AVR loop static and dynamic analysis – Stability compensation – Voltage drop in transmission line – Methods of reactive power injection – Tap changing transformer, SVC and STATCOM for voltage control

UNIT IV - ECONOMIC OPERATION OF POWER SYSTEM

Statement of economic dispatch problem – Input and output characteristics of thermal plant incremental cost curve – Optimal operation of thermal units without and with transmission losses (no derivation of transmission loss coefficients) – Lambda–iteration method – Base point and participation factors method. Statement of Unit Commitment (UC) problem – Constraints on UC problem – Solution of UC problem using priority list – Special aspects of short term and long-term hydrothermal scheduling problems

UNIT V - COMPUTER AIDED CONTROL OF POWER SYSTEM

Need of computer control of power system – Concept of energy control centers and functions – PMU system monitoring, Data acquisition and controls – System hardware configurations – SCADA and EMS functions – State estimation – Measurements and errors – Weighted least square estimation – Various operating states – State transition diagram

Open Elective– I*

Professional Elective IV

Professional Elective V

Professional Elective VI