ECE Sem-4

UNIT I - INTRODUCTION

Electromagnetic model, Units and constants, Review of vector algebra, Rectangular, cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems, Line, surface and volume integrals, Gradient of a scalar field, Divergence of a vector field, Divergence theorem, Curl of a vector field, Stoke's theorem, Null identities, Helmholtz's theorem, Verify theorems for different path, surface and volume

UNIT II - ELECTROSTATICS

Electric field, Coulomb's law, Gauss's law and applications, Electric potential, Conductors in static electric field, Dielectrics in static electric field, Electric flux density and dielectric constant, Boundary conditions, Electrostatics boundary value problems, Capacitance, Parallel, cylindrical and spherical capacitors, Electrostatic energy, Poisson's and Laplace's equations, Uniqueness of electrostatic solutions, Current density and Ohm's law, Electromotive force and Kirchhoff's voltage law, Equation of continuity and Kirchhoff's current law

UNIT III - MAGNETOSTATICS

Lorentz force equation, Ampere's law, Vector magnetic potential, Biot-Savart law and applications, Magnetic field intensity and idea of relative permeability, Calculation of magnetic field intensity for various current distributions Magnetic circuits, Behaviour of magnetic materials, Boundary conditions, Inductance and inductors, Magnetic energy, Magnetic forces and torques

UNIT IV - TIME-VARYING FIELDS AND MAXWELL's EQUATIONS

Faraday's law, Displacement current and Maxwell-Ampere law, Maxwell's equations, Potential functions, Electromagnetic boundary conditions, Wave equations and solutions, Time-harmonic fields, Observing the Phenomenon of wave propagation with the aid of Maxwell's equations

UNIT V - PLANE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

Plane waves in lossless media, Plane waves in lossy media (low-loss dielectrics and good conductors), Group velocity, Electromagnetic power flow and Poynting vector, Normal incidence at a plane conducting boundary, Normal incidence at a plane dielectric boundary

UNIT I - NETWORK MODELS AND DATALINK LAYER

Overview of Networks and its Attributes – Network Models – OSI, TCP/IP, Addressing – Introduction to Datalink Layer – Error Detection and Correction – Ethernet(802.3)- Wireless LAN – IEEE 802.11, Bluetooth – Flow and Error Control Protocols – HDLC – PPP

UNIT II - NETWORK LAYER PROTOCOLS

Network Layer – IPv4 Addressing – Network Layer Protocols(IP,ICMP and Mobile IP) Unicast and Multicast Routing – Intradomain and Interdomain Routing Protocols – IPv6 Addresses – IPv6 – Datagram Format - Transition from IPv4 to IPv6

UNIT III - TRANSPORT AND APPLICATION LAYERS

Transport Layer Protocols – UDP and TCP Connection and State Transition Diagram - Congestion Control and Avoidance(DEC bit, RED)- QoS - Application Layer Paradigms – Client – Server Programming – Domain Name System – World Wide Web, HTTP, Electronic Mail

UNIT IV - NETWORK SECURITY

OSI Security Architecture – Attacks – Security Services and Mechanisms – Encryption –Advanced Encryption Standard – Public Key Cryptosystems – RSA Algorithm – Hash Functions – Secure Hash Algorithm – Digital Signature Algorithm

UNIT V - HARDWARE SECURITY

Introduction to hardware security, Hardware Trojans, Side – Channel Attacks – Physical Attacks and Countermeasures – Design for Security. Introduction to Blockchain Technology

UNIT I - BASICS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

Current mirror and current sources, Current sources as active loads, Voltage sources, Voltage References, BJT Differential amplifier with active loads, Basic information about op-amps – Ideal Operational Amplifier - General operational amplifier stages -and internal circuit diagrams of IC 741, DC and AC performance characteristics, slew rate, Open and closed loop configurations – MOSFET Operational Amplifiers – LF155 and TL082

UNIT II- APPLICATIONS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

Sign Changer, Scale Changer, Phase Shift Circuits, Voltage Follower, V-to-I and I-to-V converters, adder, subtractor, Instrumentation amplifier, Integrator, Differentiator, Logarithmic amplifier, Antilogarithmic amplifier, Comparators, Schmitt trigger, Precision rectifier, peak detector, clipper and clamper, Low-pass, high-pass and band-pass Butterworth filters

UNIT III - ANALOG MULTIPLIER AND PLL

Analog Multiplier using Emitter Coupled Transistor Pair - Gilbert Multiplier cell – Variable transconductance technique, analog multiplier ICs and their applications, Operation of the basic PLL, Closed loop analysis, Voltage controlled oscillator, Monolithic PLL IC 565, application of PLL for AM detection, FM detection, FSK modulation and demodulation and Frequency synthesizing and clock synchronization

UNIT IV - ANALOG TO DIGITAL AND DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTERS

Analog and Digital Data Conversions, D/A converter – specifications - weighted resistor type, R-2R Ladder type, Voltage Mode and Current-Mode R - 2R Ladder types - switches for D/A converters, high speed sample-and-hold circuits, A/D Converters – specifications - Flash type - Successive Approximation type - Single Slope type – Dual Slope type - A/D Converter using Voltage-to-Time Conversion - Over-sampling A/D Converters, Sigma – Delta converters

UNIT V - WAVEFORM GENERATORS AND SPECIAL FUNCTION ICS

Sine-wave generators, Multivibrators and Triangular wave generator, Saw-tooth wave generator, ICL8038 function generator, Timer IC 555, IC Voltage regulators – Three terminal fixed and adjustable voltage regulators - IC 723 general purpose regulator - Monolithic switching regulator, Low Drop – Out(LDO) Regulators - Switched capacitor filter IC MF10, Frequency to Voltage and Voltage to Frequency converters, Audio Power amplifier, Video Amplifier, Isolation Amplifier, Opto- couplers and fibre optic IC

UNIT I - DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM

Sampling Theorem, concept of frequency in discrete-time signals, summary of analysis & synthesis equations for FT & DTFT, frequency domain sampling, Discrete Fourier transform (DFT) - deriving DFT from DTFT, properties of DFT - periodicity, symmetry, circular convolution. Linear filtering using DFT. Filtering long data sequences - overlap save and overlap add method. Fast computation of DFT - Radix-2 Decimation-in-time (DIT) Fast Fourier transform (FFT), Decimation-in-frequency (DIF) Fast Fourier transform (FFT). Linear filtering using FFT

UNIT II - INFINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE FILTERS

Characteristics of practical frequency selective filters. characteristics of commonly used analog filters - Butterworth filters, Chebyshev filters. Design of IIR filters from analog filters (LPF, HPF, BPF, BRF) - Approximation of derivatives, Impulse invariance method, Bilinear transformation. Frequency transformation in the analog domain. Structure of IIR filter - direct form I, direct form II, Cascade, parallel realizations

UNIT III - FINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE FILTERS

Design of FIR filters - symmetric and Anti-symmetric FIR filters - design of linear phase FIR filters using Fourier series method - FIR filter design using windows (Rectangular, Hamming and Hanning window), Frequency sampling method. FIR filter structures - linear phase structure, direct form realizations

UNIT IV - FINITE WORD LENGTH EFFECTS

Fixed point and floating point number representation - ADC - quantization - truncation and rounding - quantization noise - input / output quantization - coefficient quantization error - product quantization error - overflow error - limit cycle oscillations due to product quantization and summation - scaling to prevent overflow

UNIT V - DSP APPLICATIONS

Multirate signal processing: Decimation, Interpolation, Sampling rate conversion by a rational factor – Adaptive Filters: Introduction, Applications of adaptive filtering to equalization-DSP Architecture Fixed and Floating point architecture principles

UNIT I - AMPLITUDE MODULATION

Review of signals and systems, Time and Frequency domain representation of signals, Principles of Amplitude Modulation Systems- DSB, SSB and VSB modulations. Angle Modulation, Representation of FM and PM signals, Spectral characteristics of angle modulated signals. SSB Generation – Filter and Phase Shift Methods, VSB Generation – Filter Method, Hilbert Transform, Pre-envelope & complex envelope AM techniques, Superheterodyne Receiver

UNIT II - RANDOM PROCESS & SAMPLING

Review of probability and random process. Gaussian and white noise characteristics, Noise in amplitude modulation systems, Noise in Frequency modulation systems. Pre-emphasis and De emphasis, Threshold effect in angle modulation

Low pass sampling – Aliasing- Signal Reconstruction-Quantization - Uniform & non-uniform quantization - quantization noise - Nyquist criterion- Logarithmic Companding –PAM, PPM, PWM, PCM – TDM, FDM

UNIT III - DIGITAL TECHNIQUES

Pulse modulation Differential pulse code modulation. Delta modulation, Noise considerations in PCM,, Digital Multiplexers, Channel coding theorem - Linear Block codes - Hamming codes - Cyclic codes - Convolutional codes - Viterbi Decoder

UNIT IV - DIGITAL MODULATION SCHEME

Geometric Representation of signals - Generation, detection, IQ representation, PSD & BER of Coherent BPSK, BFSK, & QPSK - QAM - Carrier Synchronization - Structure of Non-coherent Receivers Synchronization and Carrier Recovery for Digital modulation, Spectrum Analysis – Occupied bandwidth – Adjacent channel power, EVM, Principle of DPSK

UNIT V - DEMODULATION TECHNIQUES

Elements of Detection Theory, Optimum detection of signals in noise, Coherent communication with waveforms- Probability of Error evaluations. Baseband Pulse Transmission- Inter symbol Interference, Optimum demodulation of digital signals over band-limited channels

UNIT I - ENVIRONMENT AND BIODIVERSITY

Definition, scope and importance of environment – need for public awareness. Eco-system and Energy flow– ecological succession. Types of biodiversity: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity– values of biodiversity, India as a mega-diversity nation – hot-spots of biodiversity – threats to biodiversity: habitat loss, poaching of wildlife, man-wildlife conflicts – endangered and endemic species of India – conservation of biodiversity: In-situ and ex-situ.

UNIT II - ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

Causes, Effects and Preventive measures of Water, Soil, Air and Noise Pollutions. Solid, Hazardous and E-Waste management. Case studies on Occupational Health and Safety Management system (OHASMS). Environmental protection, Environmental protection acts .

UNIT III - RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY

Energy management and conservation, New Energy Sources: Need of new sources. Different types new energy sources. Applications of- Hydrogen energy, Ocean energy resources, Tidal energy conversion. Concept, origin and power plants of geothermal energy.

UNIT IV - SUSTAINABILITY AND MANAGEMENT

Development , GDP ,Sustainability- concept, needs and challenges-economic, social and aspects of sustainability-from unsustainability to sustainability-millennium development goals, and protocols-Sustainable Development Goals-targets, indicators and intervention areas Climate change- Global, Regional and local environmental issues and possible solutions-case studies. Concept of Carbon Credit, Carbon Footprint. Environmental management in industry-A case study.

UNIT V - SUSTAINABILITY PRACTICES

Zero waste and R concept, Circular economy, ISO 14000 Series, Material Life cycle assessment, Environmental Impact Assessment. Sustainable habitat: Green buildings, Green materials, Energy efficiency, Sustainable transports. Sustainable energy: Non-conventional Sources, Energy Cycles￾carbon cycle, emission and sequestration, Green Engineering: Sustainable urbanization- Socio￾economical and technological change.